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  Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbids employment discrimination against 'any individual' based on that individual's 'race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.' Pub. L. 88-352, § 704, 78 Stat. 257, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). A separate section of the Act  --its antiretaliation provision--forbids an employer from 'discriminating against' an employee or job applicant because that individual 'opposed any practice' made unlawful by Title VII or 'made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in' a Title VII proceeding or investigation. § 2000e-3(a).

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Title VII's antiretaliation provision forbids employer actions that 'discriminate against' an ...