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  In the 1972 Amendments to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress, acting under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, authorized federal courts to award money damages in favor of private individuals against a State government found to have subjected the complaining individuals to employment discrimination on the basis of sex. See Title 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g) (1970 ed. and Supp. IV), and Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445, 96 S. Ct. 2666, 49 L. Ed. 2d 614 (1976).

There is no dispute that in enacting the 1972 Amendments to Title VII to extend coverage to ...