H

 Virginia law is instructive. Under Virginia law, failure to raise a claim on direct appeal from a criminal conviction ordinarily bars consideration of that claim in any subsequent state proceeding. See, e.g., Coppola v. Warden of Virginia State Penitentiary, 222 Va. 369, 282 S.E.2d 10 (1981); Slayton v. Parrigan, 215 Va. 27, 205 S.E.2d 680 (1974). Although federal courts at all times retain the power to look beyond state procedural forfeitures, the exercise of that power ordinarily is inappropriate unless the defendant succeeds in showing both 'cause' for noncompliance with the state rule and 'actual prejudice resulting from the alleged constitutional violation.' ...