After the Court decided that the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions plan's use of race-based preferences violated the Equal Protection Clause, but that the law school admission plan's more limited use did not Michigan voters adopted Proposal 2, now Art. I, §26, of the State Constitution, which prohibits the use of race-based preferences as part of the admissions process for state universities. Coalition (P) opposed the amendment. The district court upheld it, and the court of appeals held that the provision was invalid under the Equal Protection Clause in the context of student admissions at state universities. Certiorari was granted.