There are four different cases dealt with in the casebook: Miranda v. Arizona, Vignerea v. New York, Westover v. United States, and California v. Stewart. Each case has the same feature: incommunicado interrogation in a police-dominated atmosphere, resulting in self-incriminating statements without full warning of his constitutional rights. The interrogations all resulted in verbal confessions, and 3 of them also resulted in signed confessions as well. All of the confessions were admitted at trial. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.