Evenwel (Ps) are Texas voters; they challenge the practice of Texas (D) in drawing district by total population and instead claim voter-eligible population, not total population must be used to ensure that their votes will not be devalued in relation to citizens’ votes in other districts. The case was referred to a three-judge District Court for hearing and decision. The court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim; the Supreme Court nor any circuit court has never accepted or used the metric of voter population to draw districts. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.